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托福阅读真题1


Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown copatented one of the most widelyacclaimed wonder drugs of the post-Second World War years. Hazen and Brown'swork was stimulated by the wartime need to find a cure for the fungus infectionsthat afflicted many military personnel. Scientists had been feverishly searchingfor an antibiotic toxic enough to kill the fungi but safe enough for human use,since, unfortunately, the new wonder drugs such as penicillin and streptomycinkilled the very bacteria in the body that controlled the fungi. It was todiscover a fungicide without that double effect that Brown, of New York State'sDepartment of Health Laboratories at Albany, and Hazen, senior microbiologist atthe Department of Health in New York, began their long-distance collaboration.Based upon Hazen's previous research at Columbia University, where she had builtan impressive collection of fungus cultures, both were convinced that anantifungal organism already existed in certain soils.
They divided the work. Hazen methodically screened and cultured scores ofsoil samples, which she then sent to her partner, who prepared extracts,isolated and purified active agents, and shipped them back to New York, whereHazen could study their biological properties. On a 1948 vacation, Hazenfortuitously collected a clump of soil from the edge of W.B. Nourse's cowpasture in Fauquier County, Virginia, that, when tested, revealed the presenceof the microorganisms. In farm owner Nourse's honor, Hazen named it StreptomycesNoursei, and within a year the two scientists knew that the properties of theirsubstance distinguished it from previously described antibiotics. After furtherresearch they eventually reduced their substance to a fine, yellow powder, whichthey first named fungiciden. Then renamed nystatin (to honor the New York Statelaboratory) when they learned the previous name was already in use. Of theirmajor discovery, Brown said lightly that it simply illustrated how unpredictableconsequences can come from rather modest beginnings.
1. What is the main topic of the passage ?
(A) The lives of Hazen and Brown.
(B) The development of a safe fungicide.
(C) The New York State Department of Health.
(D) The development of penicillin.
2. What can be inferred from the passage about penicillin?
(A) It effectively treats fungus infections.
(B) It was developed before nystatin.
(C) It was developed before the Second World War.
(D) One of its by-products is nystatin.
3. Why does the author mention Columbia University in line 10?
(A) Hazen and Brown developed nystatin there.
(B) Brown was educated there.
(C) Hazen did research there.
(D) It awarded a prize to Hazen and Brown.
4. The word both in line 11 refers to
(A) Hazen and Brown
(B) penicillin and streptomycin
(C) the Department of Health laboratories at Albany and New York
(D) double effect
5. What substance did Brown and Hazen analyze?
(A) Dirt
(B) Streptomycin
(C) Bacteria
(D) Penicillin
6. Who was W. B. Nourse?
(A) A microbiologist
(B) A teacher of Hazen's
(C) A collector of fungi
(D) A farmer
PASSAGE 43 BBCAA D
托福阅读真题2
The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsalnerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even inits most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result ofevolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to highervertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless,the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of loweranimals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system ofhigher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryologicaldevelopment of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adultmorphology.
In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may bedistinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentionsabove), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervoussystem, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together withtheir motor and sensory endings. The term autonomic nervous system refers to theparts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate theactivity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.
The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells,together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nervecells, or neurons, are characterized by many processes and are specialized inthat they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena of irritability andconductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cellscollectively termed neuroglia. They are characterized by short processes thathave special relationships to neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue. Thecomparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed neurilemmalcells.

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