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托福阅读真题1
PASSAGE 22
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of theUnited States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and insmall towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, andmoral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideologythat proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior tourban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellersincreased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape.Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned theprecarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city.But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fearsand suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that citieswere overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reformsthat promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water andsewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas andelectric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privatelyowned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essentialservices and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city andstate governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number ofcities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reformsargued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access tothese utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others lookedat the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environmentinfluenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans toguide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, butthe rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century tookplace without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentiethcentury followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completelyrebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plansfor regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted toresidential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercialdevelopment.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century
(B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal
(C) Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century
(D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century
2. The word bias in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) diagonal
(B) slope
(C) distortion
(D) prejudice
3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in ruralareas
【TOEFL阅读理解|TOEFL托福阅读真题汇总】(A) were suspicious of their neighbors
(B) were very proud of their lifestyle
(C) believed city government had too much power
(D) wanted to move to the cities
4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the cityin order to
(A) participate in the urban reform movement
(B) seek financial security
(C) comply with a government ordinance
(D) avoid crime and corruption
5. The word embraced in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) suggested
(B) overestimated
(C) demanded
(D) welcomed
6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utilitycompanies?
(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all citydwellers.
(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth
(C) They did not trust the companies to obey the governmentregulations.
(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to ruralareas.
7. The word exorbitant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) additional
(B) expensive
(C) various
(D) modified
8. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reformsEXCEPT
(A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utilitycompanies
(B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments
(C) the availability of services was regulated by local government
(D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to localgovernments
9. The word Proponents in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) Experts
(B) Pioneers
(C) Reviewers
(D) Supporters
10. Why does the author mention industrialization (line 24)?
(A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities
(B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas
(C) To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem
(D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factories

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