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托福阅读真题1
PASSAGE 19
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the NorthAmerican colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapidgrowth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from towneconomies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started aswilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than acentury.
In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up alongthe Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlanticstates in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada.This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France,particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment)and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were,accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could bereadily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favoredlocations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia,New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew,these cities increased in importance.
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around largefarms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in theareas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and theeconomic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to thedevelopment of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence becausethey were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to thesmall shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in theselection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a waterhighway.
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did nothave a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city ofmore than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million.It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weavingindustries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.
Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War(1861-1865).
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in NewEngland.
2. The word they in line 4 refers to
(A) North American colonies
(B) cities
(C) centuries
(D) town economies
3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on thebasis of which of the
following?
(A) Their economic success
(B) The type of merchandise they exported
(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
(D) The pace of their development
4. The word accordingly in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) as usual
(B) in contrast
(C) to some degree
(D) for that reason
5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established alongthe Atlantic coastline of
North America due to
(A) an abundance of natural resources
(B) financial support from colonial governments
(C) proximity to parts of Europe
(D) a favorable climate
6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastlinecities prepared which of
the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of theplantation system influenced the
growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northerncities, most southern
cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
9. The word recorded in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
(C) documented
(D) planned
10. The word drawing in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracting
(B) employing
(C) instructing
(D) representing
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29)because it was a time of
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
答案：BBDDC DCBCA C

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