托福阅读真题2
PASSAGE 20
(25)
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking wasdone in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking aswell as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high,and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavytimber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stoneworkabove the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but itwas far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catchingfire.
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney.On these rested the ends of a lug pole from which pots were suspended whencooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it wouldresist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out andcharred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fellinto the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of woodfor lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang potsfrom.
Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made likea small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to drawout smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens werebuilt with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually onceor twice a week) a roaring fire of oven wood, consisting of brown maple sticks,was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers werelater removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shutuntil the bread was fully baked.
Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron bakekettle, which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This issaid to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded byglowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.
1. Which of the following aspects of domestic life in colonial NorthAmerica does the passage
mainly discuss?
(A) methods of baking bread
(B) fireplace cooking
(C) the use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen
(D) the types of wood used in preparing meals
2. The author mentions the fireplaces built in the South to illustrate
(A) how the materials used were similar to the materials used innortheastern fireplaces
(B) that they served diverse functions
(C) that they were usually larger than northeastern fireplaces
(D) how they were safer than northeastern fireplaces
3. The word scorched in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned
(B) cut
(C) enlarged
(D) bent
4. The word it in line 6 refers to
(A) the stonework
(B) the fireplace opening
(C) the mantel tree
(D) the rising column of heat
5. According to the passage , how was food usually cooked in a pot in theseventeenth century?
(A) By placing the pot directly into the fire
(B) By putting the pot in the oven
(C) By filling the pot with hot water
(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire
6. The word obtain in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) maintain
(B) reinforce
(C) manufacture
(D) acquire
7. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 2 as a disadvantage ofusing a wooden lug
pole?
(A) It was made of wood not readily available.
(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.
(C) It occasionally broke.
(D) It became too hot to touch.
8. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood,oven wood produced
(A) less smoke
(B) more heat
(C) fewer embers
(D) lower flames
9. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of a colonialoven EXCEPT:
(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every day.
(B) It was built as part of the main fireplace.
(C) The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney.
(D) It was heated with maple sticks.
10. According to the passage , which of the following was an advantage of abake kettle?
(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.
(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
(C) It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven.
(D) It could be used to cook several foods at one time.
答案：BCACD DCBAA
托福阅读真题3
PASSAGE 21
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from itscolonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture asan art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carversengraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons ofdeath into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burialgrounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentationsfor furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signsand ships' figureheads. Although they often achieved expression and formalexcellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled inthe craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normallythink of as sculptors in today's use of the word.

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