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托福阅读真题1
PASSAGE 1
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the Americanlanguage, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinarycitizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Icewas used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking citydealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came intohousehold use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, andBaltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families fortheir own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, theicebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In theearly nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which wasessential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notionthat the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of coursemistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed thecooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the icein blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of thenineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation andcirculation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had beenon the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city ofWashington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When heused an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found thatcustomers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitorsto pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat,one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmerswould no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their producecool.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of ice on the diet
(B) The development of refrigeration
(C) The transportation of goods to market
(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century
2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of thelanguage of the
United States?
(A) in 1803
(B) sometime before 1850
(C) during the civil war
(D) near the end of the nineteenth century
3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because
(A) many fish dealers also sold ice
(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention ofthe icebox
5. The word it in line 5 refers to
(A) fresh meat
(B) the Civil War
(C) ice
(D) a refrigerator
6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to thedevelopment of the
icebox?
(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars
(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
(C) The use of insufficient insulation
(D) Inadequate understanding of physics
7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C) necessary
(D) uninteresting
8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal iceboxwould
(A) completely prevent ice from melting
(B) stop air from circulating
(C) allow ice to melt slowly
(D) use blankets to conserve ice
9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track(lines 18-19) to indicate
that
(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
(B) Moore was an honest merchant
(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer
(D) Moore's design was fairly successful
10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to
(A) charge more for his butter
(B) travel to market at night
(C) manufacture butter more quickly
(D) produce ice all year round
11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include
(A) iceboxes
(B) butter
(C) ice
(D) markets
PASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA B
托福阅读真题2
PASSAGE 2
The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particularproperties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, wateris exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates manychemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.
Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which aretransported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds providesthe essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground,the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting whatare called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels thewater toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step inthe cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by runningfromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

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