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托福阅读真题1
PASSAGE 31
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells buildingowners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States,rent controls date back to at least World War II.
In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve theproblem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after thewar, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. UnderNew York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments aslong as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as SantaMonica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by theinflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid populationgrowth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 SantaMonica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to thelevels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much asany increase in the overall price level.
In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promotingthe efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the constructionof new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competingclaimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.
One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rentalunits. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-termdeterminant of profitability — rents. Consider some examples. In a recent yearin Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent controllaws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco,California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco hasonly a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New YorkCity, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units beingbuilt are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica,California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental spaceand commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rentcontrols.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.
(B) Causes and effects of rent control
(C) The fluctuations of rental prices
(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.
2. The word They in line 9 refers to
(A) the tenants
(B) their leases
(C) places
(D) rent controls.
3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rentcontrols in Santa Monica,California?
(A) rapid population growth
(B) inflation
(C) economic conditions during wartime
(D) record-high housing prices
4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) credit
(B) measure
(C) vary
(D) reduce
5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) experimenting with
(B) identifying
(C) estimating
(D) encouraging
6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to
(A) protect tenants
(B) promote construction
(C) increase vacancy rates
(D) decrease sales of rental units
7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) saddened
(B) created
(C) lowered
(D) defeated
8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the followingstatements?
(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.
(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housingunits
(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control
(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.
9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOTcurrently have rent controls?
(A) Santa Monica
(B) Dallas
(C) San Francisco
(D) New York City
10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) straightforward
(B) strict
(C) expanded
(D) efficient
11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt fromrent control?
(A) Luxury apartments
(B) Commercial development
(C) Moderately priced apartments
(D) Office space.
PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB C
托福阅读真题2
PASSAGE32
By1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to thistime had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints,European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who brought backcopies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance withEuropean art institutions.
Bythe outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of theartists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, paintershad been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gildingteaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. Theterminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status:limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's;painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second halfof the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in theclassics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists.Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West,and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject tofluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage toallow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an imageindicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors JamesBowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltonsof Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privilegedto visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in theirrespective communities the idea of the value of art and the need forinstitutions devoted to its encouragement.

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