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托福阅读真题1
PASSAGE 50
The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible forsweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered theminor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce UnitedStates museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass,ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilledworkers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today isdirectly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can alsobe traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised toadmit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes thatthreatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Foundedin the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and WilliamMorris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidlyindustrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moralingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homescraft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only thedegradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impendingloss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity,and attention to beauty.
In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled thevirtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materialsof good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteriawere interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric toromantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated,the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it wasa philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design,high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home andits appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects.For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as amagical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.
1. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts interms of which of the following?
(A) Their naturalistic themes
(B) Their importance in museum collections
(C) Their British origin
(D) Their role in an industrialized society
2. According to the passage , before the nineteenth century, artisans werethought to be
(A) defenders of moral standards
(B) creators of cheap merchandise
(C) skilled workers
(D) artists
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movementwould have considered
all of the following to be artists EXCEPT
(A) creators of textile designs
(B) people who produce handmade glass objects
(C) operators of machines that automatically cut legs for furniture
托福阅读真题2
PASSAGE 51
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States wasestablished at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National MarineSanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection toselected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated asnational parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that itis a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visitand observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmedor removed.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Departmentof Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuarystatus. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had beendesignated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size fromthe very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National MarineSanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary inCalifornia, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new managementpractices in which whole communities of species, and not just individualspecies, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation andoverexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine speciesdiversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the naturalinterrelationships that exist among these species.
Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United Statesand other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed bythe United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries.Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks,reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery ofthe Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great BarrierReef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand andIndonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reefsystems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize theimportance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether assanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly importantrole in preserving that diversity. ?

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