In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Westernmusic of microtones. Non-western music typically divides and interval betweentwo pitches more finely than western music does, thereby producing a greaternumber of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval. Composerssuch as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noisethrough tone clusters — closely spaced tones played together and heard as amass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on newimportance as well. Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed atopposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of theauditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of theseinnovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapesand symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music
(B) How sounds are produced electronically
(C) How standard musical notation has been adapted for nontraditionalsounds
(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic productionof sound
2. The word wider in one 1 is closest in meaning to more impressive
(A) more distinctive
(B) more controversial
(C) more extensive
(D) more impressive
3. The passage suggests that Edgard Var è se is an example of a composerwho
(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike
(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music
(C) believed that any sound could be used in music
(D) wrote music with environmental themes
4. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) piano
(B) string
(C) blade
(D) music
5. According to the passage , which of the following types of instrumentshas played a role in
much of the innovation in western music?
(A) string
(B) percussion
(C) woodwind
(D) brass
6. The word thereby in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
7. According to the passage , Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which ofthe following practices?
(A) Using tones that are clumped together
(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal instruments
(C) Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium
(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences
8. According to the passage , which of the following would be consideredtraditional elements of
Western music?
(A) microtones
(B) tom-toms and bongos
(C) pianos
(D) hisses
9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new wayto
(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation
(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation
(C) design and develop electronic instruments
(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced
PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD
.托福阅读真题3
In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington,in Seattle, engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design ofoutdoor environment — Olmsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts — to advisethem on an appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed theuniversity officials, and in time many of its recommendations were implemented.City officials in Seattle, the largest city in the northwestern United States,were also impressed, for they employed the same organization to study Seattle'spublic park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report onSeattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted tothe local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available tothe entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serenesettings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city.The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway,twenty miles long, that would tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds,and parkways. There would be local parks and squares, too, but all of this wasmeant to supplement the major driveway, which was to remain the unifying factorfor the entire system.
In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report,and it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior tothis report, Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. Allthis changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approvedspecial funding measures amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums attheir disposal, with the Olmsted guidelines to follow, and with the addedincentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-PacificExposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in playgrounds, pathways,boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the future, but for allpractical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that establishedSeattle's park system.

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标题：TOEFL阅读理解|托福阅读理解真题( 二 )