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托福阅读真题1
The term folk song has been current for over a hundred years, but there isstill a good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definitionprovided by the International Folk Music Council states that folk music is themusic of ordinary people, which is passed on from person to person by beinglistened to rather than learned from the printed page. Other factors that helpshape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number ofyears); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artisticinterpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song bythe community in which it evolves).
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usuallyimpossible to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song andsing it to a-couple of friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when thefriends come to sing it themselves one of them might forget some of the wordsand make up new ones to fill the gap, while the other, perhaps more artistic,might add a few decorative touches to the tune and improve a couple of lines oftext. If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, thesong's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become commonproperty. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music.Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though widelysung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folkmusic. The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source,limiting scope for further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot bedisguised and therefore they belong primarily to the composer and not to acommunity.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated ruralcommunity. In such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose atevery stage in a person's life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroicdeeds, seasonal songs relating to calendar events, and occupational songs arealso likely to be sung.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Themes commonly found in folk music
(B) Elements that define folk music
(C) Influences of folk music on popular music
(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council
2. Which of the following statements about the term folk song is supportedby the passage ?
(A) It has been used for several centuries.
(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it.
(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.
(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.
3. The word it in line 8 refers to
(A) community
(B) song
(C) acceptance
(D) memory
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as acharacteristic of the typical folk
song?
(A) It is constantly changing over time.
(B) It is passed on to other people by being performed.
(C) It contains complex musical structures.
(D) It appeals to many people.
5. The word subjected in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduced
(B) modified
(C) exposed
(D) imitated
6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) inorder to do which of the
following?
(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time
(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers
(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song
(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song
7. According to the passage , why would the original composers of folksongs be forgotten?
(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.
(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.
(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.
(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.
8. The word essence in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) basic nature
(B) growing importance
(C) full extent
(D) first phase
9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folkmusic because
(A) the original composer can be easily identified
(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community
(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers
(D) the composers write the music in rural communities
PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA
托福阅读真题2
Often enough the craft worker's place of employment in ancient Greece wasset in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locatetheir workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to thecenter of settlement. At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-knownpotters' quarters were situated on the cities' outskirts, and potters and makersof terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athensitself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greekperiod, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration,for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface ofthe fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasizedhuman figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.;its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments ofthe kiln's temperature during an extended three-stage period if firing theclayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changesin firing is unclear, the functions of making and decorating were usuallydivided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized that theydid not share in the concerns of the other.

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