【域外动态】《耶鲁法律杂志》2017年刑事法文章集锦
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正文开始:
《耶鲁法律杂志》
2017年
刑法&刑诉文章集锦
winter at Lac Léman
1.机器如何作证?
原题: Machine Testimony
作者:Andrea Roth(加州大学伯克利分校法学院)
出版日期:《耶鲁法律杂志》2017.05
内容提要:机器在解决法律纠纷的事实方面发挥的重要作用日益凸显。机器能够传递各种信息如相机的照片,温度计的测量结果和专家系统的意见等。当诉讼当事人提出对某件事实的主张时,陪审团运用法律提供的证明标准如质证规则或传闻证据规则以衡量信息来源的可信度。但有关机器承载信息的法律却让人疑惑,法庭运用现有规则将其视为传闻证据或真实证据,或作为专家证人表述专家意见的工具,但都未能为其提供一个连贯的框架,准确定义和规范机器证据,本文即旨在解决这一问题。
Machines play increasingly crucial roles in establishing facts in legal disputes. Some machines convey information—the images of cameras, the measurements of thermometers, the opinions of expert systems. When a litigant offers a human assertion for its truth, the law subjects it to testimonial safeguards—such as impeachment and the hearsay rule—to give juries the context necessary to assess the source’s credibility. But the law>
2.跨州调查中的证据排除规则:州际搜查与扣押法冲突的解决之道
原题: Competing Exclusionary Rules in Multistate Investigations: Resolving Conflicts of State Search-and-Seizure Law
作者:Megan McGlynn(耶鲁大学法学院
J.D.
)出版日期:《耶鲁法律杂志》2017.04
内容提要:司法机关一直在试图解决各州之间搜查与扣押法律的冲突。假设某人在A州犯罪,B州官员在进行搜查时查明了A州犯罪的证据,但依据B州宪法该搜查是非法的,证据应被排除,但在A州宪法下此次搜查合法,那么该次搜查取得的证据是否可被采纳?各州法院已有不下5种查明方法以解决这种法律的州际冲突。本文认为法院应采取“两步法”解决该问题,以确保在法的可预测性和简单性的前提下将威慑价值最大化。
The judiciary has long struggled to resolve conflicts of state search-and-seizure law. The issue arises when a search occurs in >State courts have developed at least five distinct approaches, each with its own assumptions and methodology, to resolve these and other search-and-seizure conflicts of law. None is conceptually sound or pragmatically appealing. Courts should instead adopt a novel law-of-the-officer approach. They should first interpret the state constitutions at issue to determine whether more than>
3.警察与辩诉交易:警察对辩诉交易的影响
原题: Cops and Pleas: Police Officers' Influence>作者:Jonathan Abel(斯坦福宪法中心) 出版日期:《耶鲁法律杂志》2017.04 内容提要:一个鲜为人知的事实是,警察在辩诉交易中发挥的作用重大。本文考查了在辩诉交易中检察官与警察的相互协商、合作乃至冲突,探讨了警方参与辩诉交易的机制及其对治安维护的影响。辩诉交易 长久以来都被认为是检察官的专属领域,但 Police officers play an important, though little-understood, role in plea bargaining. This Essay examines the many ways in which prosecutors and police officers consult, collaborate, and clash with each other over plea bargaining. Using original interviews with criminal justice officials from around the country, this Essay explores the mechanisms of police involvement in plea negotiations and the implications of this involvement for both plea bargaining and policing. Ultimately, police influence in the arena of plea bargaining—long thought the exclusive domain of prosecutors—calls into question basic assumptions about who controls the prosecution team.
4.历史的自我重复?反恐战争中的年轻美国穆斯林判刑
原题: Is History Repeating Itself? Sentencing Young American Muslims in the War>作者:Sameer Ahmed(耶鲁大学法学院 J.D. 出版日期:《耶鲁法律杂志》2017.03 内容提要:911事件以来,美国的反恐侵略战争将众多美国年轻穆斯林送进监狱,他们被认为是危险人物,即使没有证据表明他们的行为与美国境内外的暴力事件有任何关系。在20世纪8.90年代,非裔美国人被指为“超级掠食者”,是美国毒品与黑帮暴力问题的罪魁祸首,因而发起了毒品战争,将非暴力犯罪的少数族裔送入监狱,判处很长刑期。本文主张采取更为有效和公正的反恐策略,即对恐怖分子量刑时应更细致,同时侧重矫治而非处以惩罚性的长期监禁。 The United States’ aggressive War> 5.侵略战争何以入罪?
原题: Why Have We Criminalized Aggressive War?
作者:Tom Dannenbaum(伦敦大学学院)
出版日期:《耶鲁法律杂志》2017.03
内容提要:侵略战争罪被告与侵略行为入罪的反对者所持的主流观点认为,侵略战争的罪名是由被侵略国家强加的,这种观点是错误的。侵略战争罪是因为其不公正的杀戮行为而被定为犯罪,本文提出了5点分析。
On the dominant view, accepted by both defenders and critics of the criminalization of aggression, the criminal wrong of aggressive war is inflicted>
6.指控性别迫害:伊斯兰国在国际刑事法院
原题: Prosecuting Gender-Based Persecution: The Islamic State at the ICC
作者:Emily Chertoff(
耶鲁大学法学院J.D.
)出版日期:《耶鲁法律杂志》2017.02
内容提要:据报道,哈里发恐怖组织伊斯兰国已在叙利亚和伊拉克北部奴役并残害了数千名Yadizi少数民族妇女,
根据《国际刑事法院罗马规约》,
该行为在国际刑法中被称为“基于性别的迫害罪“。该罪名在国际刑事法院成立至今的20年中只被适用起诉过一次,
Yadizi妇女的案例很可能适用本罪起诉,本文旨在说明检察官应如何国际刑事法院预审庭中对伊斯兰国的该项罪行进行起诉,这将有助于巩固武装冲突中反对基于性别迫害之国际准则的适用。
Reports suggest that Islamic State, the terrorist “caliphate,” has enslaved and brutalized thousands of women from the Yazidi ethnic minority of Syria and Northern Iraq. International criminal law has a name for what Islamic State has done to these women: gender-based persecution. This crime, which appears in the (ICC), has >This Note uses heretofore unexamined jurisprudence of the ICC’s Pre-Trial Chamber to elaborate—element by element—how the Prosecutor of the Court could charge gender-based persecution against members of Islamic State. I argue that the prosecution of Islamic State would not just vindicate the rights of Yazidi survivors of Islamic State violence. It would help to consolidate an international norm against gender-based persecution in armed conflict—a norm that, until now, international law has>
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