「龙腾网」英特尔未来计划：热量子比特，冷控制芯片和快速测试( 二 ) 正文翻译Quantumcomputingmayhavesh

Typically, these qubits operate on a sort of a nearest-neighbor interaction. So you might have a two-dimensional grid of qubits, and you would essentially only have interactions between one of its nearest neighbors. And then you would build up [from there]. That qubit would then have interactions with its nearest neighbors and so forth. And then once you develop an entangled system, that’s how you would get a fully entangled 2D grid. [Entanglement is a condition necessary for certain quantum computations.]通常，这些量子比特是在一种最近邻相互作用下工作的。因此，你可能有一个二维网格化的量子比特阵列，你基本上只会让一对近邻之间的量子比特有相互作用。量子比特将与其最近的邻居相互作用等等。然后，一旦你制造出了一个处于纠缠的系统，你就得到一个完全纠缠的二维网格[纠缠是某些量子计算所必需的条件]
Spectrum: What are some of the difficult issues right now with silicon spin qubits?Spectrum: 目前硅自旋量子比特的一些难题是什么？
Clarke: By highlighting the challenges of this technology, I’m not saying that this is any harder than other technologies. I’m prefacing this, because certainly some of the things that I read in the literature would suggest that qubits are straightforward to fabricate or scale. Regardless of the qubit technology, they’re all difficult.Clarke: 通过强调这项技术的挑战，我并不是说这比其他技术更难。我先说这个是因为我在文献中读到的一些东西说量子比特的制备和规模化是简单明了的。不管何种量子比特技术，它们都是困难的。
With a spin qubit, we take a transistor that normally has a current of electrons go through, and you operate it at the single electron level. This is the equivalent of having a single electron, placed into a sea of several hundred thousand silicon atoms and still being able to manipulate whether it’s spin up or spin down.单个自旋量子比特，意味着将通常有电子流通的晶体管在单电子水平上操作它。这相当于放置在一个由几十万个硅原子组成的海洋中的单个电子，无论它的自旋是向上还是向下，你仍然能够操纵它。
So we essentially have a small amount of silicon, we’ll call this the channel of our transistor, and we’re controlling a single electron within that piece of silicon. The challenge is that silicon, even a single crystal, may not be as clean as we need it. Some of the defects—these defects can be extra bonds, they can be charge defects, they can be dislocations in the silicon—these can all impact that single electron that we’re studying. This is really a materials issue that we’re trying to solve.所以我们本质上有少量的硅，我们称之为晶体管的通道，我们控制的是硅内的单个电子。挑战是，硅，甚至是单晶硅，可能达不到我们需要的那种纯度。一些缺陷-这些缺陷可以是额外的键，它们可以是电荷缺陷，它们可以是硅中的位错-这些都可以影响我们正在研究的单个电子。这确实是我们试图解决的一个材料问题。
Spectrum: Just briefly, what is coherence time and what’s its importance to computing?Spectrum: 简单地说，什么是相干时间，它对计算的重要性是什么？
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What needs to happen [to compensate for brief coherence times] is that we need to develop an error correction technique. That’s a complex way of saying we’re going to put together a bunch of real qubits and have them function as one very good logical qubit.为了对抗短暂的相干时间，我们需要开发纠错技术。这是一种复杂的方法，我们要把一堆物理的量子比特组合起来，让它们作为一个非常好的逻辑量子比特来发挥作用。
Spectrum: How close is that kind of error correction?Spectrum: 这种纠错离我们有多近？
Clarke: It was one of the four items that really needs to happen for us to realize a quantum computer that I wrote about earlier. The first is we need better qubits. The second is we need better interconnects. The third is we need better control. And the fourth is we need error correction. We still need improvements on the first three before we’re really going to get, in a fully scalable manner, to error correction.Clarke: 这是我早些时候写到的要实现一个量子计算机我们真正需要实现的四个要素之一。首先，我们需要更好的量子比特。第二是我们需要更好的互连。第三是我们需要更好的控制。第四是我们需要纠错。在我们真正能够完全以扩展的方式进行纠错之前，我们仍然需要对前三个要素进行改进。
You will see groups starting to do little bits of error correction on just a few qubits. But we need better qubits and we need a more efficient way of wiring them up and controlling them before you’re really going to see fully fault-tolerant quantum computing.您将看到一些小组开始在几个量子比特上进行小的纠错。但我们需要更好的量子比特，我们需要一种更有效的方法来连接它们并控制它们，然后你才能真正看到完全容错的量子计算。