双语·有声 | 孔子是如何推动筷子发展的你可能并不了解你的餐具。"

你可能不知道，与我们每日相伴的筷子有着十分悠久的历史，连孔子他老人家都间接地推动了筷子的兴起。那么，筷子是何时出现，如何兴起，又经过了怎样的发展，最终风靡亚洲、进驻千家万户的呢？欲知真相，请见下文分晓。

There"s a set of utensils1) used by billions of people around the world—and it has a truly ancient past. The Chinese have been using chopsticks since at least 1200 B.C., and by A.D. 500 the slender2) sticks had swept the Asian continent from Vietnam to Japan. From their humble beginnings as cooking utensils to paperwrapped bamboo sets at the sushi counter, there"s more to chopsticks than meets the eye3).

有一套餐具在全球有数十亿的使用者，而且它还有着真正古老的过去。中国人至少在公元前1200年就开始使用筷子了。到公元500年的时候，纤细的筷子已经风靡整个亚洲大陆，从越南到日本都有。从起初不起眼的厨具变成如今寿司桌上装在纸袋里的竹筷，筷子可没有看上去那么简单。

1. utensil [ju??tensl] n. 器皿，用具

2. slender [?slend?(r)] adj. 纤细的，细长的

3. more to sth. than meets the eye: 比开始认为的还难以应付；比当初看上去的更复杂

The legendary ruins of Yin, in Henan province, provided not only the earliest examples of Chinese writing but also the first known chopsticks—bronze sets found in tombs at the site. Capable of reaching deep into boiling pots of water or oil, early chopsticks were used mainly for cooking.

举世闻名的河南殷墟不仅出土过最早的汉字范例(编注：指甲骨文)，还挖掘出已知的最早的筷子——这是一双青铜筷，埋于此处的墓穴里。早期的筷子可以探进沸腾的水锅或油锅深处，主要当做厨具使用。

It wasn"t until A.D. 400 that people began eating with the utensils. This happened when a population boom across China sapped4) resources and forced cooks to develop cost-saving habits. They began chopping food into smaller pieces that required less cooking fuel—and happened to be perfect for the tweezers5)-like grip of chopsticks.

直到公元400年，人们才开始使用筷子来吃饭。这一改变发生的时候，正值华夏大地人口暴涨，资源损耗变大，迫使做饭的人养成省吃俭用的习惯。他们开始将食物切得更小，以便节省燃料，而小块的食物刚好非常适合筷子镊子式的夹取方式。

4. sap [s?p] vt. (逐渐)削弱；消耗

5. tweezers [?twi?z?z] n. [复]镊子

As food became bite-sized, knives became more or less out of date. Their decline—and chopsticks" ascent—also came because of Confucius. As a vegetarian, he believed that sharp utensils at the dinner table would remind eaters of the slaughterhouse6). He also thought that knives" sharp points evoked7) violence and warfare, killing the happy, content mood that should reign during meals. Thanks in part to his teachings, chopstick use quickly became widespread throughout Asia.

随着食物变成易于入口的小块，刀具就多少显得有些过时。伴随着筷子的兴起，刀具开始没落，这其中也有孔子的原因。作为一个素食者，孔子认为饭桌上的锋利餐具会让吃饭的人想起屠宰场。他还认为，刀具的尖头会唤起对暴力和战争的联想，破坏进餐时应有的怡然自足。在一定程度上，当时多亏了孔子的教诲，用筷子吃饭才迅速传遍亚洲。

6. slaughterhouse [?sl??t?ha?s] n. 屠宰场

7. evoke [??v??k] vt. 引起，唤起(记忆或感情)

Different cultures adopted different chopstick styles. Perhaps in a nod to Confucius, Chinese chopsticks featured a blunt8) rather than pointed end. In Japan, chopsticks were 8 inches long for men and 7 inches long for women. In 1878 the Japanese became the first to create the now-ubiquitous9) disposable10) set, typically made of bamboo or wood.

文化不同，筷子所采用的风格也不同。或许是为了向孔子表示敬意，中国的筷子端头是钝的而不是尖的。在日本，男性的筷子长八英寸(编注：约20厘米)，而女性的筷子长七英寸(编注：约18厘米)。1878年，日本第一个发明一次性筷子，这种筷子一般由竹子或木头制成，如今无处不在。

8. blunt [bl?nt] adj. (刀)钝的，不锋利的

9. ubiquitous [ju??b?kw?t?s] adj. 无所不在的；普遍存在的

10. disposable [d??sp??z?bl] adj. 使用后可丢弃的

Wealthy diners could eat with ivory, jade, coral, brass or agate11) versions, while the most privileged used silver sets. It was believed that the silver would corrode12) and turn black if it came into contact with poisoned food.

有钱人吃饭时可能会用象牙筷、玉筷、珊瑚筷、铜筷或玛瑙筷，而最为位高权重的人则用银筷。据说，银筷接触到带毒的食物会腐蚀变黑。

11. agate [??ɡ?t] n. 玛瑙

12. corrode [k??r??d] vi. 受腐蚀

Throughout history, chopsticks have enjoyed a symbiotic13) relationship with another staple14) of Asian cuisine15): rice. Naturally, eating with chopsticks lends itself to16) some types of food more than others. At first glance, you"d think that rice wouldn"t make the cut17), but in Asia most rice is of the short- or mediumgrain variety. The starches18) in these rices create a cooked product that is gummy and clumpy, unlike the fluffy19) and distinct grains of Western long-grain rice. As chopsticks come together to lift steaming bundles of sticky rice, it"s a match made in heaven.

纵观整个历史，筷子总是与亚洲菜系的另一种主食大米相伴左右。自然，有一些食物会比其他食物更适合用筷子吃。乍看起来，你会觉得大米不会位于其列，但亚洲的大米多是短粒或中粒米，这类大米里的淀粉使得做好的米饭粘成块状，不像西方的长粒米那样米粒蓬松、颗粒分明。用一双筷子去夹起一团又一团热腾腾、黏糊糊的米饭，两者简直就是绝配。

13. symbiotic [?s?mba???t?k] adj. 共生的；互惠互利的

14. staple [?ste?pl] n. (人或某种动物的)主要食物；主食

15. cuisine [kw??zi?n] n. (一国或一地区的)烹饪，风味

16. lend oneself to: 适合；对……有用

17. make the cut: 满足基本要求；进入候选之列

18. starch [stɑ?t?] n. (大量存在于面包、土豆、面食、米饭等中的)淀粉

19. fluffy [?fl?fi] adj. (食物等)蓬松的

(本文选自《新东方英语·中学生》杂志，原文标题为：A Brief History of Chopsticks By Stephanie Butler 译 / 两袖清风)

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