初二上册数学知识点（八年级下册语文书人教版） _上册

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【重点单词】
allow [??la?] v. 允许，准许
wrong [r??] adj. 错误的
What's wrong? 哪儿不舒服?
midnight ['m?dna?t] n. 午夜，子夜
look through 浏览，快速查看
guess [ɡes] v. 猜测，估计
deal [di:l] v. 处理，应付
big deal 重要的事
work out 成功地发展，解决
get on with 和睦相处，关系良好
relation [r??le??n] n. 关系，联系，交往
communicate [k??mju:nikeit] v. 沟通,通信,通讯
communication [k??mju:n??ke??n] n. 交流，沟通
argue [?ɑ:ɡju:] v. 争论，争吵
cloud [kla?d] n. 云
elder ['eld?(r)] adj. 年级较长的
instead [?n?sted] adv. 代替
whatever [w?t?ev?r] pron. 任何,不管什么,无论什么
nervous [?n?:v?s] adj. 紧张不安的
offer ['a:f?r] v. 提供，自愿给予
proper [?pr?p?] adj. 合适的，适当的
secondly [?sek?ndli] adv. 第二，其次
explain [?k?sple?n] v. 讲解，解释，说明
clear [kl??] adj. 清晰的，清楚易懂的
copy [?k?pi] v. 复制
return [r?'t?:n] v. 回来，返回，归还
anymore ['en?m?:] adv. 不再，再也不
member [?memb?] n. 成员，会员
pressure ['pre??(r)] n. 压力
compete [k?m'pi:t] v. 比赛，竞争
opinion [??p?nj?n] n. 意见，想法，看法
【初二上册数学知识点（八年级下册语文书人教版）】skill [sk?l] n. 技能，技巧
typical [?t?p?kl] adj. 典型的
football [?f?tb?:l] n. 足球
cut out 删去，删除
quick [kw?k] adj. 快的，迅速的
continue [k?n?t?nju:] v. 继续，连续
compare [k?m'pe?] v. 比较
compare…with 比较，对比
crazy [?kre?z?] adj. 疯狂的，狂热的
development [di?vel?pm?nt] n. 发育，成长，发展
cause [k?:z] n. & v. 原因;造成，使发生
usual [?ju:?u?l] adj. 通常的，平常的
in one's opinion 依… 看
perhaps [p??h?ps] adv. 可能，大概，也许
词形变化
1.wrong → right(反义词)
2.communicate(动词) →communication(名词)
3.cloud(名词) → cloudy(形容词)
4.old → older/elder (比较级)
5. second→ secondly (副词)
6.explain (动词)→ explanation(名词)
7.compete(动词) → competition (名词)
8. craze(名词) → crazy (形容词)
9. develop(动词) →development(名词)
10.usual (形容词)→ usually(副词)
11.perhaps → maybe/probably (同义词)
【重点短语】
1. have any free time to do things I like
有自由时间做我喜欢做的事
2. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
3. take/ have after-school classes
参加课后辅导班
4. hang out with sb. 与某人闲逛
5. get into fight with somebody= have a fight with somebody=fight with somebody 和某人闹矛盾.
6. until midnight直到半夜
get on (well) with somebody
和某人相处(得好)
get into a good university / a good senior high school上好大学/高中
7. talk to sb. 与某人交谈
so that…以至于……;以便于……
take him to the ball game
带他去参加球类比赛
8. too many books太多的书
9. study too much学得过多
10. get enough sleep有足够的睡眠
11. write sb. a letter给某人写信
12. call sb. up打电话给某人
13. surprise sb. 令某人惊讶
14. look through翻看;检查;浏览;
find somebody doing something
发现某人正在做……
wait that/ so long等待如此久
15. be angry with sb. 生某人的气
give something back to somebody= return something to somebody归还某物给某人
forget about ……忘掉……
16. a big deal重要的事
17. work out成功地发展;解决
19. fight a lot经常吵架/打架
relations between my parents
父母之间的关系
be nice/ friendly /kind to somebody
对某人友好
20. hang over笼罩
21. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事
22. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事
feel lonely and nervous感到孤独和紧张
sit down and communicate with your brother坐下来和你哥哥交流
24. mind sb. doing sth. 介意某人做某事
borrow sth. without asking/ without returning them借某物没不说/不归还
25. all the time一直
26. in future今后
27. make sb. angry使某人生气
28. worry about sth. 担心某事
29. copy one’ s homework
抄袭某人的作业
have a pet养宠物
30. be oneself做自己
31. family members
32. spend time alone独自消磨时光
33. give sb. a lot pressure
给某人很大压力
34. have a fight with sb. 与某人吵架
35. compete with sb. 与某人竞争
36. free time activities业余活动
37. get better grades取得更好的成绩
38. give one’ s opinion提出某人的观点
39. learn exam skills学习应试技巧
a typical American family
典型的美国家庭
comparing …with…把…和…比较
be unhappy with= be angry with
对……生气
40. practice sports体育训练
41. cause a lot of stress导致许多压力
think for somebody为某人考虑
to be a successful person成为成功人士
in one’s opinion 就某人看来……;
依某人的观点…
be right about…在某方面正确
wait a few more days再等几天
help each other相互帮助
stress out过度紧张/劳累
do activities I enjoy
进行我喜欢的活动
42. cut out删除
【重点句型】
1. I studied until mid night last night so I didn’t get enough sleep.
我昨晚学习到半夜所以睡眠不足。
2. Why don 't you forge t about it?=why not forget about it?你为什么不忘掉它呢?
3. Although she’s wrong, it’s not a big deal.
虽然她错了,但这并不是什么大事儿。
4. He should talk to his friend so that he can say he’s sorry. 他应该跟朋友谈谈以便他能说声对不起。
5. May be you could go to his house.
也许你可以去他家。
6. When they argue, it’s like a big, black cloud hanging over our home.当他们吵架的时候，我们的家就像笼罩在大大的乌云一样。
7. I guess I could, but I don’t want to surprise him. 我想我可以.但我不想让他感到惊讶。
8. Life shouldn’t just be about grades.生活不应该仅仅与成绩有关。
l 用于提建议的句型有
①What about doing sth?=How about doing sth? ….怎么样?
②Why don’t you do sth?= Why not do sth? 为什么不呢?
③Let’s do sth.让我们一起做某事吧。
④Shall we/I do sth?我们做…好吗?
⑤had better do/not do sth.
最好做/不做某事
⑥Will/Would you please do sth?
请你做…好吗?
⑦Would you like to do sth?
你想去做某事吗?
⑧Would you mind doing sth?
你介意做某事吗?
l 同意对方的建议时，一般用
Good idea./ That’s good idea. 好主意
OK/ All right./ Great 好/ 行/太好了
Yes, please ./I’d love to 是的/ 我愿意
I agree with you 我同意你的看法
No problem 没问题
Sure/ Of course/ Certainly 当然可以
Yes, I think so 对，我也这样想
l 对方的帮助或要求表示委婉谢绝时，一般用：
I don’t think so 我认为不是这样
Sorry, I can’t 对不起，我不能
I’d love to, but…
I’m afraid…我愿意，但恐怕……
重点语言点
1.allow.意为“允许;许可”，常用于“allow sb. to do sth.”结构，表示“允许某人做某事” 。allow后面可接动名词作宾语，不可用动词不定式作宾语，即： allow doing sth.“允许做某事” 。如：
My father allowed me to play basketball after finishing my homework. 我的父亲允许我做完作业后打篮球。
They do not allow smoking in public. 他们不允许在公共场合吸烟。
[注意] allow用于被动语态时，必须接不定式作宾语补足语，不能接动名词形式。“Sb. / Sth. be allowed to do sth.”结构，也可在allow后面接介词短语，即“Sb. / Sth. be allowed 介词短语” 。如：
Women were not allowed to take part in the games. 妇女是不允许参加这些比赛的。
I don't allow dogs in the house. 我不允许狗进屋。
2.until
(1)用于肯定句，until表示“直到….为止”,肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。
I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。
(在肯定句中可用before代替 Let”s get in the wheat before the sun sets.)
(2)用于否定句：not… until表示“直到…才” 。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事" 。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。
She didn”t arrive until 6 o”clock. 她直到6点才到。
Don”t get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。
I can’t do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。
3.why don’t you
why don`t you + 动词原形 “为什么不……” 表示提建议 = why not + 动词原形
如：why don't you go shopping?你为什么不去购物呢?(建议你去购物) =why not go shopping?
4.find
(1)find后面可以直接跟宾语，即:find sb /sth
(2)find后面可以跟从句作宾语:find that...或者find +wh疑问词引导的宾语从句，例如:They found that they had made a mistake. 他们发现他们犯了一个错误。
(3)find后可以跟双宾语:find +sb +sth 例如:I found him a good job我给他找了个好工作。
(4)find + sb /sth + doing sth. He found the old man working in his garden. 他发现那个老人正在花园里干活
5.deal
(1) 用作名词主要用于 a good [great] deal (of)表示“许多” a great [good] deal of 之后通常接不可数名词:
He seems to have a good deal of money. 他似乎有很多钱。
He has done a great deal of traveling. 他旅游了很多地方。
(2) 用作动词，用于 deal with, 意为“处理”、“对付”、“对待”、 “论述”、“做买卖”等:
How shall we deal with this matter? 这事我们怎么处理?
I don’t know how to deal with him. 我不知怎样与他相处。
6. get on with 相当于get along, 表示“与…友好相处” 。
He is slowly getting on with his schoolmates.他正慢慢地和同学们友好相处。
The new teacher is getting on well with the students.新教员和学生们相处得很好。
7. argue
(1) argue about (over) sth 为某事而争论。如：
They always argue about [over] money. 他们总是为钱争吵。
They are arguing about [over] who lost the ball. 他们在争论是谁丢了球。
注：有时 argue 后可接 with sb, 表示与某人争吵。如：
He argued with the driver about the fare. 他就车费与司机论理。
(2)argue sb into (out of) (doing) sth说服某人做(不做)某事。如：
They tried to argue me into joining them. 他们设法要说服我加入他们一起干。
We argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 我们说服他不去作那样危险的旅行。
8. hang over笼罩;威胁
Trouble hangs over the little town because its only factory has closed down.这个小镇陷入困境之中，因为它唯一的工厂已经关闭。
Danger hung over his head as he spoke.他说话时，危难正降临到他头上。
9.offer
offer有"(主动)拿给,给予"的意思,相当于give, 后可接名词或代词作宾语,也可接双宾语,即offer sb sth =offer sth to sb, 如:
The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus. 那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那个老人。
Many people willingly offered their blood. 很多人自愿献血。
10. communicate
communicate的基本意思是“传达”“表达”,指把信息、知识、性能等传达给有关各方使用，引申可表示“交际”“交流”“交通”或“相连”“相通” 。communicate接介词to可以表示“传送给…”,接with可以表示“与…联系”或“与…相通” 。如：
He has communicated his wishes to me.他已经把他的愿望告诉了我。
I like to communicate with my family.我喜欢和我的家人沟通。
11.explain解释;说明，后面接名词、从句作宾语。
Will you please explain the third paragraph again for us? 请您把第三段给我们再解释一下好吗?
Can you explain why you were late? 你能解释一下你为什么迟到吗?
12.return
(1)“返回”，相当于“go back / get back / come back.. 如:Ann will visit you when he returns to London. (当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.)
(2)“归还”，相当于“give back”如:I have returned the dictionary. (当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，若再接人时方可加to. 同样不可再跟back. 如:You should return the piano to Dick on time.)
13.leave
(1)leave for 是出发至某处如: He left for Beijing yesterday.
(2)leave sth for sb 是把什么留给什么人如：She left these flowers for you. leave sb for sb 是离开什么人去和什么人在一起如：He left his wife for a young lady.
(3/0leave sth to do sth 是指为做某事离开某处如：He left her house to catch the last bus.
(4)leave sb doing sth 是让某人单独做某事如：Don't leave your children playing with fire.
forget和leave的用法与区别: forget to do 忘记做某事 forget doing 忘记曾做过某事 leave sth some place 把某物落在某地(忘在某地)如：
I left my assignment at home.(我把作业落在家里了)
I forget to bring my assignment(我忘记带作业了)
14.opinion
(1) n.意见，主张;评价;鉴定，判定 What's your opinion about this trip? 你对这次旅行有什么看法?
(2) in one's opinion.... 在某人看来.如:
In my opinion,it's important for us to protect the earth. 我认为,对我们来说保护地球很重要.
也可以写成I think it is important for us to protect the earth. 但用了I think千万不要用in my opinion了.
15.continue表示继续做某事，其后既可接动名词也可接不定式，且意义相同。如：
They continued to meet [meeting] daily. 他们继续每天都见面。
He continued to write [writing] while in hospital. 他住院时他继续写作。
16.compare
(1)表示“把……与……比较”，通常用 compare...with...，但在现代英语中，也可用compare... to...，或者用 compare...and... 。如:
If you compare his work with [and] hers, you’ll find hers is much better. 要是把他俩的工作比较一下，就会发现她的好得多。
Having compared the new dictionary with [to, and] the old one, he found the new one more helpful. 将新旧词典比较之后，他发现新词典更有用。
(2)表示“把……比作……”，通常用 compare...to...，一般不用 compare...with... 。如:
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。
The poet compares the woman he loves to a rose. 诗人把他所爱的女人比作玫瑰
重点语法
1.提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的其他表达方式：How /what about doing sth.?(about是个介词，可跟名词或动名词)“…怎么样?”
You’d better (not) do something.“你最好(不)做某事”
Would you like sth …?:“你想要某物Let?s do sth…?
What should I do …? ( should表示请求、征询对方意见)
2.学会谈论问题和学会用why don't you…提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的表达方式：
Why don?t you do something? =Why not do something? 你为什么不做某事呢? 来表示请求、征询对方意见
3.until, so that ,although引导的状语从句：
1)until：在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。Don?t get off until the bus stops.
2)so that引导目的状语从句(为了，以便)例如：He studies hard so that he could work better in the future
3)although的用法意思相当于though(尽管，虽然)，引导让步状语从句。引导的从句不能与并列连词but，and，so等连用，但可以和yet，still等词连用。例如：Although he was tired, he went on working.尽管他很累，但是他继续工作。
【单元作文】
你的朋友Mary在学习汉语时遇到了困难，她给你写了一封信向你寻求帮助。请你给她写一封回信，给她一些如何提高汉语的建议。
Dear Mary,
Thank you for your letter. You said you didn’t know how to learn Chinese well. I think you can do many things to improve your Chinese. First, you should know as many Chinese words as you can. Second, You could keep listening to the radio in Chinese. Third, Why don’t you speak to your friends in Chinese? You should be lieve in yourself. Nothing is difficult if you work hard at it.
Yours,
Lili