一叶知秋——《经济学人》文章欣赏阅读III "

距离考研还有 36 天

下面这篇文章是与大家就业和自主学习相关的，新时代我们需要更多的新技能，让我们能够在工作中保持活力，文章同样提到了获取新技能的一些方式。

　　Lifelong learning

　　终身学习

　　It is easy to say that people need to keep learning throughout their careers. The practicalities are daunting.

　　人们很容易说工作中要不断学习，但现实是严峻的。

　　When education fails to keep pace with technology, the result is inequality. Without the skills to stay useful as innovations arrive, workers su?er—and if enough of them fall behind, society starts to fall apart. That fundamental insight seized reformers in the Industrial Revolution, heralding state- funded universal schooling. Later, automation in factories and o?ces called forth a surge in college graduates. The combination of education and innovation, spread overdecades, led to a remarkable ?owering of prosperity.

　　教育跟不上技术就会产生不平等。若没有技能在创新到来时让自己保持有用处，工人就会受苦——如果落后的人足够多，社会就会崩溃。这一基本观点吸引了工业革命的改革者，预示着政府资助的全民教育时代到来。后来，工厂和办公室的自动化让大学毕业生激增。教育与创新的结合数十年来不断扩展，欣欣向荣。

　　Today robotics and arti?cial intelligence call for another education revolution. This time, however, working lives are so lengthy and so fast-changing that simply cramming more schooling in at the start is not enough. People must also be able to acquire new skills throughout their careers.

　　今天，机器人和人工智能呼吁另一场教育革命。然而，这次工作时间如此之长，变化如此之大，不能仅在初期就塞满更多的学校教育，人们还必须能够在整个职业生涯中获得新技能。

　　Unfortunately, as our special report in this issue sets out, the lifelong learning that exists today mainly bene?ts high achievers—and is therefore more likely to exacerbate inequality than diminish it. If 21st-century economies are not to create a massive underclass, policymakers urgently need to work out how to help all their citizens learn while they earn. So far, their ambition has fallen pitifully short.

　　不过，如本期特别报道所说，当今存在的终身学习主要对成就高的人有益，因此更有可能加剧不平等，而不是削弱它。如果21世纪的经济不能够创造出大量的下层阶级，那么政策制定者们迫切需要制定出如何帮助所有公民边赚钱边学习的方法。到目前为止，他们的抱负已小得可怜。

Machines or learning

　　机器抑或学习

　　The classic model of education—a burst at the start and top-ups through company training—is breaking down. One reason is the need for new, and constantly updated, skills. Manufacturing increasingly calls for brain work rather than metal-bashing (see pages 20-22). The share of the American workforce employed in routine o?ce jobs declined from 25.5% to 21% between 1996 and 2015. The single, stable career has gone the way of the Rolodex.

　　典型的教育模式——公司培训初期升值中突然爆发——正在瓦解，原因之一是需要不断更新的技能。越来越多的人要求脑力工作，而不是金属碰撞(见第20-22页)。从1996年到2015年，美国传统办公室中的劳动力占比从25.5%下降到21%。单一稳定的工作已经摆脱了联络簿的方式。

　　Pushing people into ever-higher levels of formal education at the start of their lives is not the way to cope. Just 16% of Americans think that a four-year college degree prepares students very well for a good job. Although a vocational education promises that vital ?rst hire, those with specialised training tend to withdraw from the labour force earlier than those with general education—perhaps because they are less adaptable.

　　职业生涯初期就把人们推向更高水平的正规教育并不能解决问题。16%的美国人认为，四年的大学学位让学生准备好去做找份好工作。尽管职业教育保证了至关重要的首次招聘，但受过专业培训的人往往比拥有一般教育背景的人更早退出劳动力市场——也许是因为他们的适应力较差。

　　At the same time on-the-job training is shrinking. In America and Britain it has fallen by roughly half in the past two decades. Self-employment is spreading, leaving more people to take responsibility for their own skills. Taking time out later in life to pursue a formal quali?cation is an option, but it costs money and most colleges are geared towards youngsters.

　　与此同时，在职培训也在减少。过去二十年，美国和英国下降了大约一半。创业正在流行，更多的人为自己的技能担责。生活中抽出时间追求正式的资格是一种选择，但这需要花钱，而且多数大学是面向年轻人的。

　　The market is innovating to enable workers to learn and earn in new ways. Providers from General Assembly to Plural-sight are building businesses on the promise of boosting and rebooting careers. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have veered away from lectures on Plato or black holes in favour of courses that make their students more employable. At Udacity and Coursera self-improvers pay for cheap, short programmes that bestow “microcredentials” and “nanodegrees” in, say, self-driving cars or the Android operating system. By offering degrees online, universities are making it easier for professionals to burnish their skills. A single master’s programme from Georgia Tech could expand the annual output of computer-science master’s degrees in America by close to 10%.

　　市场正在进行创新，使工人能够以新的方式学习和赚钱。从联大到的供应商都在为促进和重新引导职业发展而建立业务。慕课学院已经摆脱了有关柏拉图或黑洞的课程，转而青睐那些有利于学生职业发展课程。优达学城和Coursera学院的自我提升者们为廉价短期课程付费，比如自驾汽车或安卓操作系统，这些课程提供“微证书”和“微学位”。通过在网上提供学位，大学让学生们更容易地提高自身技能，佐治亚理工学院的一个硕士项目可以将美国计算机科学硕士学位的年授予量增加近10%。

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