怎样开始写英文论文( 四 ) 三年前我从美

Thecapacitydrasticallydecayeduponfurthercycling.

形容重要的，决定性的
crucial,critical,essential,key,
playanimportantrolein…,centralto

Acriticalelementinthepursuitofthisquestisthediscoveryofefficientandcost-effectivecatalystsforuseinelectrochemicalenergyconversionprocesses1,2suchastheoxygenevolutionreaction(OER)andoxygenreductionreaction(ORR),bothofwhicharecentraltotheefficienciesofdirect-solarandelectrolyticwater-splitting4,5devices,fuelcells6andmetal–airbatteries.

表示展示性能(这个通用于Abstract,Introduction,Conclusion主要用于ResultsandDiscussion部分)
present,demonstrate,reveal,show,exhibit,feature,posses,have,display,depict,deliver
Theas-preparedhydrogenatedPt/CaMnO3hybridexhibitsa5-foldhigherORRmassactivityandan11-foldhigherspecificactivitythanthatofthebenchmarkPt/Ccatalyst.
SEMresultsdisplayaverageparticlesizesof~50nm,whichisconsistentwiththeXRDline-broadeningresults.
（这些动词很多可以互换，但还是有些小区别的，比如这里如果是展示形貌和图画的话，用display这个词更舒服）

Galvanostaticstudiesshowthatexpandedgraphitecandeliverahighreversiblecapacityof284mAhg-1atacurrentdensityof20mAg-1.
Highlysymmetricpeakprofilesareobservedwhichsignifygoodreversibilityofbothanodicandcathodicreactions.
ThefeasibilityofgraphiteinaNafullcellisalsoconfirmedinconjunctionwiththeNa1.5VPO4.8F0.7cathode,deliveringanenergyof~120Whkg-1whilemaintaining~70%oftheinitialcapacityafter250cycles.

对。。。有好处，促进
bebeneficialfor.../befavorableto...
boost/promote
Advancesinperovskite-typematerialshaveshownthattheypossessmixedionicandelectronicconductivity,whichisbeneficialforcatalyticactivity.

对。。。不好
Theperoxideformedinthetwo-electronmechanismisseverelydetrimentaltotherangeofcompoundsexaminedhere,asmostmanganesecompoundswithahighoxidationstatearesusceptibletoreduction(toformsolubleMn2+)bytheperoxide.
However,magnesiumbatteriescontaininganaqueouselectrolytemediarisksdecompositionoftheMgmetalanodesurface.

表示吹牛（常用于Abstract,Conclusions和其它需要总结强调自己的工作多牛逼的地方）
开启本领域的天窗，解决了瓶颈，颠覆了传统理念。吹，接着吹
Theelectrolytewithhighionicconductivity,excellentMgdepositionreversibilityaswellasthehighestanodicpotentialtodate(3.5Vvs.MgRE)opensthedoortoresearchonhighenergyrechargeableMgbatteries.
InthisArticle,wereportavolcanorelationshipbetweenamaterialpropertythatservesastheactivitydescriptorandtheintrinsicORRactivityofperovskite-basedoxides.SuchinformationhaspredictivepowerandprovidesinsightsintothedesignofnewcatalystswithenhancedORRactivitysimilartothosereportedforplatinum-basedmetals10,11,13.
Theviewpointfromtheelectronicstructureproposedinthisstudymightpaveanewwaytodesignelectrodematerialsformultivalent-ionbatteries.
TheutilizationofsuchahighlyelectrochemicalstableGFunlocksthecriticalbottleneckofincompatibilityamongallbatteryparts,especiallyparasiticcorrosivereactionsbetweenelectrolyteandcurrentlyavailablecurrentcollector,whichtakesabigstepforwardtowardsMg-basedbatteries\u0026#39;practicalapplications.

表示使。。。
enable,endow,allow,afford,render,causeXXto…
Therefore,anether-based(DEGDME)electrolyteisbelievedtoendowCoS@rGOelectrodewithremarkableelectrochemicalpropertiesinthepresentstudies.
Thus,aftertheirformation,polysulfidesmaydiffuseoutofthecathodeandintotheelectrolyteseparator,causingcapacitytofadeandleadingtodegradationreactionsatthelithiumanode.

表示由于
dueto,oweto,thanksto,causedby,arisefrom,stemfrom,derivefrom

表示B被A难住，阻止
inhibit,impede,preclude,plagued
陷入困境BgetstuckwithA
However,someprecipitationofinsolublesurfacespeciesobviouslyoccursinpristinesolutions,whichimpedesMgdepositionbutdoesnotfullyavoidit.
CatalystslocatedontheleftsideofthevolcanoinFigure1bindoxygentoostrongly,andthusthereactionisretardedbydesorptionoftheOHads.
ThesestudieshaveshownthatthediscoveryofcathodematerialsismainlyinhibitedbythenatureofMg2+ions:
However,despitetheseadvantages,thedevelopmentofrechargeableMIBsremainshinderedbyalackofsuitablecathodematerialsandelectrolytesandoverallanode-electrolyte-cathodeincompatibilities.

表示导致，A对B产生了不好的影响
raiseconcernsofitsapplicationin...
poseanimportantchallengeto...
precludestheirpotentialapplicationin...

ThebivalencyofMg2+ionshasmadeitchallengingtofindcathodematerialsoperatingathighvoltageswithdecent(de)intercalationkinetics.
DespitegreatinterestinaLi–Sbattery,solublepolysulfidesascharge/dischargeintermediatesposeanimportantchallengetorealizecommercialLi–Sbatteries.
However,thelackofsuitablecathodematerialsallowingreversibleintercalationofZn2+hindersthedevelopmentofzinc-ionbatteries.
However,alackoffundamentalunderstandingoftheORRmechanismandthematerialpropertiesthatgoverncatalyticactivityhampersthedevelopmentofhighlyactiveoxidecatalysts.
Theprohibitivecostandscarcityofthenoble-metalcatalystsneededforcatalysingtheoxygenreductionreaction(ORR)infuelcellsandmetal–airbatterieslimitthecommercializationoftheseclean-energytechnologies.

起承转合
PyriteFeS2,asaneasilyobtainednaturalmineral,hasbeenalreadycommercializedinprimarylithiumbatteries.
Inrecentyears,theoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationsofnovelcathodematerialsforMIBshaveincreasedtremendously.25?34(前文说最近有很多研究，紧接着就说这些研究说明了什么)ThesestudieshaveshownthatthediscoveryofcathodematerialsismainlyinhibitedbythenatureofMg2+ions:XXX
这是很好的衔接。

ItisinterestingtonotethatoxidessuchasLaMnO3tdandLaNiO3haveintrinsicORRactivitycomparabletostate-of-the-artPt/C(SupplementaryFig.S2).
相当于furthermore

副词或者介词短语可以直接起到起承转合的作用
Impressively,theCoS@rGOnanostructureexhibitsmuchbettercapacityretentionwithaultrahighdischargecapacityofaround425mAhg-1evenafter1000cycles.
Moreimportantly,itshouldbenotedthattheplate-on-sheetstructureofCoS@rGOpromotetheintegrityoftheelectrode.
Morerecently,FeS2andFeSe2havealsobeensynthesizedanddemonstratedsuperiorelectrochemicalperformanceinSIBs.However,asthesamefirst-rowtransitionmetaldichalcogenides,cobaltsulfideshavebeenrarelyinvestigatedinSIBs,…
Hence,itisanticipatedthathighlyreversibleelectrochemicalreactioncouldberealizedbysimplyrestrictingthepotentialwindowto0.6V
Infact,…也是很好的一个起承转合词组
InthesearchforelectrodematerialswithstabilitiesacceptableforpracticalNaionbatteries,Mengandco-workersconductedXXX

转折
However,...
Despitetheseconsiderableadvantages,thecommercialapplicationofLi-Sbatteriesisstillfarduetothelowsulfurutilizationandpoorcyclestability.

当你熟悉了以上这些常用的动词，形容词，词组短句，长句和学术术语以后，写出像样测学术论文就减轻了很多障碍。之后就是把它们应用到文章的各个部分就好了。

然后要注意几个部分的写作规则。比如Abstract，通常十几句话，短小精炼，把idea，原创性，实验结果和意义说清楚就好了，不要累赘。Conclusion也是一样，但是侧重于总结，也可以提实验结果，强调意义，并可以加上对今后工作的展望。
Introduction是最重要的，需要把你所做工作的领域向大家介绍一下，然后目前发展瓶颈说清楚，再之后提出自己的idea,概念，方法或者新事物。大部分对前人工作的总结和批判是在这个部分完成的，参考文献也大部分发生在这部分，所以耗费时间最长，最考察作者的科研深度和对文献的熟悉度，如果有很多重要工作漏掉了没有引用，在审稿的时候就会被编辑大加批判的。
Results\u0026amp;Discussion这部分当然就是介绍自己每一个所做实验的结果。数据分析和结果讨论和Introduction同等重要，考察的是作者的学术功底，能否在已有数据上分析出科学合理的结果，并作证自己的结论。

下面是一些具体栗子
Abstract
TheHighPerformanceofCrystalWaterContainingManganeseBirnessiteCathodesforMagnesiumBatteries
NanoLett.,2015,15(6),pp4071–4079
Rechargeablemagnesiumbatterieshavelatelyreceivedgreatattention(获得关注，引入新概念)forlarge-scaleenergystoragesystemsdueto(B受制于A，由于)theirhighvolumetriccapacities,lowmaterialscost,andsafecharacteristic.However,thebivalencyofMg2+ionshasmadeitchallengingto(本领域目前出现的困境)findcathodematerialsoperatingathighvoltageswithdecent(de)intercalationkinetics.Inanefforttoovercome(起承转合)thischallenge,weadopt(具体做了什么)anunconventionalapproachofengagingcrystalwaterinthelayeredstructureofBirnessiteMnO2becausethecrystalwatercaneffectivelyscreenelectrostaticinteractionsbetweenMg2+ionsandthehostanions.Thecrucial(好重要哦)roleofthecrystalwaterwasrevealedbydirectlyvisualizingitspresenceanddynamicrearrangementusingscanningtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(STEM).Moreover,theimportanceofloweringdesolvationenergypenaltyatthecathode–electrolyteinterfacewaselucidatedbyworkingwithwatercontainingnonaqueouselectrolytes.Inaqueouselectrolytes,thedecreasedinterfacialenergypenaltybyhydrationofMg2+allowsBirnessiteMnO2toachieve(展示性能)alargereversiblecapacity(231.1mAhg–1)athighoperatingvoltage(2.8VvsMg/Mg2+)withexcellent(形容“好的”，“显著的”，吹牛部分)cyclelife(62.5%retentionafter10000cycles),unveilingtheimportance(意义重大，颠覆三观)ofeffectivechargeshieldinginthehostandfacileMg2+ionstransferthroughthecathode’sinterface.

Introduction
StabilizationofInsolubleDischargeProductsbyFacileAnilineModificationforHighPerformanceLi-SBatteries
JaeHoKim,TaehoonKim,YoChanJeong,KunsilLee,KyungTaePark,SeungJaeYang,*andChongRaePark
Adv.EnergyMater.2015,5,1500268
DOI:10.1002/aenm.201500268
Energystoragesystemswithhighenergydensityarerequiredtofulfilltheneedsforgridenergystorageandelectricvehicles.Sulfurhasbeenspotlighted(获得关注)asacathodematerialduetoitstheoreticalcapacityof1672mAhg?1,whichisaround5timeshigherthanthatofmetaloxidebasedonanintercalationreaction.LithiumsulfurbatteriesoperateonaredoxreactiondescribedasS8+16Li?8Li2Snear2.2V(vsLi/Li+),whichprovides(展示性能)ahighspecificenergyof2600Whkg?1.Furthermore,sulfurisinexpensive,environmwentallybenign,andnaturallyabundant.Despitetheseconsiderableadvantages,(革命尚未成功，还需努力)thecommercialapplicationofLi-Sbatteriesisstillfardueto(B受制于A，由于)thelowsulfurutilizationandpoorcyclestability.Lowsulfurutilizationisfromtheinsulatingnatureofthesulfurandintermediates.Thisissuehasbeenhandledbyemployingcarbonmaterialsandconductingpolymers.Poorcyclestabilityisamoreintricateissue,sincetheintermediatesolublepolysulfidesdiffuseintotheelectrolyteandinsolubledischargeproducts(Li2S2andLi2S)aggregateattheendofdischarge.Todate,(起承转合)considerableresearcheshavebeenconducted(前人工作，获得关注)topreventlossofsolublepolysulfidesbyencapsulatingsulfurinvariousnanostructuredcarbonmatrices,wrappingthecompositeswithpolymers,grapheneandmetaloxide,andaddingtheinterlayerbetweenthecathodeandseparator.Toalleviatetheshuttlereaction,(起承转合)additiveswereintroducedtotheelectrolytebySolidelectrolyteinterface(SEI)formationontheLinegativeelectrode.However,issuesfrominsolubledischargeproductshavenotbeenaddressed(本领域目前出现的困境)withasmuchfervor.Cuiandco-workersrecentlyexploitedbulkyamphiphilicpolymerstoenhancethebindingenergybetweenthecarbonmatrixandinsolubledischargeproducts,whichresultedinsequesteringaggregationofinsolubledischargeproducts.(本领域目前出现的困境)Thisapproachexhibitedahighspecificcapacityandimprovedcyclelife.However,thebulkypropertyofusedamphiphilicpolymercancause(导致)nonuniformfunctionalizationandineffectivesulfurinfiltrationbyporeblockage.(本领域目前出现的困境)Therefore,therearesomechallengesinmanagingtheinsolubledischargeproductsforhighperformanceLi-Sbatteries:(i)asmallerchemicalgroupismoresuitableforfunctionalization,whichcanleadtothehomogeneousfunctionalizationofporewallandefficientsulfurinfiltration,(ii)amoreeffectivefunctionalgroupcanmanagetheinsolubledischargeproducts,and(iii)acheaperandmilderfabricationmethodisneededforcommercialization.