SCI写作不得不说的万能句型
SCI 不会写？其实英语基础好一点，文献多看一点，多写写自然就能自己写出来了。当然，你肯定会说英语真的好难，好吧，就知道你们懒得学英语了。我给你们整理了一套万能模板，涵盖了论文不同部分的常用句型。
摘要：描述观点的重要性
1. One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......
2. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .....
3. X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.
4. X is a common disorder characterised by ......
5. Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ......
6. Xs are the most potent anti-infammatory agents known.
7. X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
8. In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ......
9. In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in .......
10. The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
11. X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease.
12. X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics. 13. Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of ....... 14. X is at the heart of our understanding of ......
摘要：强调该研究领域的一个重要问题
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
4. Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
5. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have notattained an adequate understanding of ......There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
描述方法：描述不同的方法
1. To date various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X:
2. In most recent studies, X is measured in four different ways.
3. Radiographic techniques are the main non-invasive method used to determine ....
4. Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.
5. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ......
6. A variety of methods are used to assess X. Each has its advantages and drawbacks.
7. Data were gathered from multiple sources at various time points during the 2007–2008 academic year.
解释为何采用一个特殊的方法
1. The semi-structured approach was chosen because ......
2. Smith et al (1994) identify several advantages of the case study, .......
3. It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to ......
4. A case study approach was chosen to allow a ......
5. The design of the questionnaires was based on ......
6. The X method is one of the more practical ways of ......
7. It was considered that quantitative measures would usefully supplement and extend the qualitative analysis.
8. Many of the distributions were not normal so non-parametric signed rank tests were run.
9. The X approach has a number of attractive features: ......
讨论：背景信息
1. A strong relationship between X and Y has been reported in the literature.
2. Prior studies that have noted the importance of ......
3. In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and Y.
4. As mentioned in the literature review, ......
5. Very little was found in the literature on the question of .....
6. This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of X in ......
7. The third question in this research was ......
8. It was hypothesized that participants with a history of ......
9. The present study was designed to determine the effect of ......
讨论：陈述结果
1. The results of this study show/indicate that .......
2. This experiment did not detect any evidence for ......
3. On the question of X, this study found that ......
4. The current study found that ......
5. The most interesting finding was that ......
6. Another important finding was that .....
7. The results of this study did not show that ....../did not show any
8. significant increase in ......
9. In the current study, comparing X with Y showed that the mean degree of ......
10. In this study, Xs were found to cause .....
11.X provided the largest set of significant clusters of ......
12. It is interesting to note that in all seven cases of this study......
结论：概括内容
1. This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread use of X ......
2. This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to ......
3. This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.
4. This dissertation has investigated ......
结论：重申研究目的
1. This study set out to determine ......
2. The present study was designed to determine the effect of .......
3. In this investigation, the aim was to assess ......
4. The purpose of the current study was to determine ......
5. This project was undertaken to design ...... and evaluate .....
6. Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that .....
参考文献：相关文献概览
1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......
2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ......
3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......
4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ......
6. During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ......
7. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .......
8. A large and growing body of literature has investigated ......
参考文献：以往研究或学术活动相关文献
1. Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)
2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)
?3. Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998).
5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......
6. Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)
7. Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones .......
8. Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an ........ account, whilst Jones .....
9. Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ......
10. Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity
11. Previous studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).
12. Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ......
13. A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).
14. Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between .......
15. At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between......
16. Other studies have considered the relationship ......
17. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .......
18. The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
19. The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .......
20. Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).
21. X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine- induced arthritis (11).
22. It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995) It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ......
23. It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ...... (Smith, 1998; ......
文章重点：当前理论存在的问题、局限性
1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......
2. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......
3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why...4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......
5. The key problem with this explanation is that ......
6. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
7. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.
8. Smith"s argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......
9. It seems that Jones" understanding of the X framework is questionable. Smith"s interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......
10. One major criticism of Smith"s work is that .....
11. Many writers have challenged Jones" claim on the grounds that .......
12. X"s analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......
文章重点：研究方法存在的问题、局限性
1. Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.
2. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....
3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.
4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.
5. One major drawback of this approach is that ......
6. The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......
7. However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.
8. However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.
9. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that .......
10. However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken.
11. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......
12. However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......
描述实验方法：强调一个特殊的方法
1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications. Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.
2. Publications were only included if .......
3. X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).
4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).
5. X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using ......
6. This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Zhao et al. (1990).
7. For this study the X was used to explore the subsurface ......
8. An alternative method for making scales homogenous is by using .....
描述实验方法：描述样品的特性
1. The initial sample consisted of 200 students of whom 13 did not complete all of the interviews
2. All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis.
3. A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that .....
4. All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study.....
5. Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were ......
6. A random sample of patients with ...... was recruited from .......
7. Forty-seven students studying X were recruited for this study.
8. The students were divided into two groups based on their performance on ......
9. The project used a convenience sample of 32 first year modern languages students.
10. Just over half the sample (53%) was female, of whom 69% were ......
11. Participants were recruited from 15 clinics across ......, covering urban and rural areas ......
12. Eligibility criteria required individuals to have received ....
13. Five individuals were excluded form the study on the basis of ....
14. Eligible women who matched the selection criteria were identified by ......
15. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 17 male offenders with a mean age of 38 years
16. A comparison group of 12 male subjects without any history of X was drawn from a pool of .......
描述实验过程：目的不明确
1. In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ......
2. In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.
3. To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ......
4. To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and ......
5. To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.
6. To measure X, a question asking ...... was used.
7. To determine whether ......, KG-1 cells were incubated for ......
8. To establish whether ......,
9. To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-min break between .......
10. To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used The vials were capped with ..... to prevent volatisation.
11. In an attempt to make each interviewee feel as comfortable as possible, the interviewer ......
描述实验过程：其他描绘实验过程的句型
1. For the purpose of height measurement, subjects were asked to stand .....
2. For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ......
3. For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 μL of protein sample was mixed with ......
文献简介
1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......
3. Previous studies have reported ......
4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......
5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......
6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......
7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......
8. Recent evidence suggests that .......
9. Several attemps have been made to ......
10. A number of researchers have reported ......
11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).
12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....
强调研究领域存在的问题
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......
5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
强调研究领域存在的争议
1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......
2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....
3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......
4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......
5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......
7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......
强调研究领域的知识差距
1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......
2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......
3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......
4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......
5. So far this method has only been applied to ......
6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among ......
7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......
8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......
9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......
11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......
12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......
13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....
14. No previous study has investigated X
15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..
强调前人研究的不足之处
1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......
2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......
5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....
6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......
7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......
11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......
12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ....
13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......
14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
15. X"s analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......
重申研究目的
1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......
3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......
4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......
5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......
6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......
7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....
8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......
9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......
10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......
11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....
12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ......
13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......
14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......
15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......
16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......
17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ......, and the effect of ......
18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of .....
研究问题/假设
1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......
2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......
4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......
5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:
6. Another question is whether ......
介绍方法、数据的来源
1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ...... 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.
4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......
This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......
5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.
7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish ......
8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .....
9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .......
10. Five works will be examined, all of which .....
表明局限性
1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......
2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
概况研究框架
1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.
2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......
4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ......
7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ......
8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,
9. ......and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.
10. ...... Finally, areas for further research are identified.
解释关键术语
1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......
2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......
3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of ...... "
5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....
小编：都指挥使
来源：今日头条
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