10月7日考前最后一碗鸡汤：916德克萨斯州SAT补考历史文章解读 10月SAT考试考前预测"

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考前预测

SAT历史文献类文章通常是学生们的“痛点”。该类型文章除了本身语言晦涩，阅读难度较大之外，考试中大家遇到的文章，内容之多样，已经远远超过考纲上对于历史文献类文章的界定。在梭罗的先验主义的内容出现在考题里让大家大跌眼镜之后，上个月SAT的补考历史文献选取了与去年6月亚太历史文章同样出处的不同选段--John Mill的《论自由》。作者是古典自由主义的代表人物，《论自由》整本著作都比较难懂，文章的措辞，长难句，逻辑的复杂，都给学生们带来很大的阅读挑战。

为了帮助大家理解，在这里就2017年9月的选段部分给大家做一个文章讲解，在听讲解之前还请大家静下心来，精读原文，作为考前的充电和挑战吧

SAT20170916北美补考历史文献（德克萨斯因飓风停考后补考）

It is not by wearing down into uniformity all that is individual in themselves, but by cultivating it and calling it forth, within the limits imposed by the rights and interests of others, that human beings become a noble and beautiful object of contemplation; and as the works partake the character of those who do them, by the same process human life also becomes rich, diversified, and animating, furnishing more abundant aliment to high thoughts and elevating feelings, and strengthening the tie which binds every individual to the race, by making the race infinitely better worth belonging to. In proportion to the development of his individuality, each person becomes more valuable to himself, and is therefore capable of being more valuable to others. There is a greater fulness of life about his own existence, and when there is more life in the units there is more in the mass which is composed of them. As much compression as is necessary to prevent the stronger specimens of human nature from encroaching on the rights of others, cannot be dispensed with; but for this there is ample compensation even in the point of view of human development. The means of development which the individual loses by being prevented from gratifying his inclinations to the injury of others, are chiefly obtained at the expense of the development of other people. And even to himself there is a full equivalent in the better development of the social part of his nature, rendered possible by the restraint put upon the selfish part. To be held to rigid rules of justice for the sake of others, develops the feelings and capacities which have the good of others for their object. But to be restrained in thins not affecting their good, by their mere displeasure, develops nothing valuable, except such force of character as may unfold itself in resisting the restraint. If acquiesced in, it dulls and blunts the whole nature. To give any fair play to the nature of each, it is essential that different persons should be allowed to lead different lives. In proportion as this latitude has been exercised in any age, has that age been noteworthy to posterity. Even despotism does not produce its worst effects, so long as Individuality exists under it; and whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called, and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunctions of men.

Having said that Individuality is the same thing with development, and that it is only the cultivation of individuality which produces, or can produce, well-developed human beings, I might here close the argument; for what more or better can be said of any condition of human affairs, than that it brings human beings themselves nearer to the best thing they can be? Or what worse can be said of any obstruction to good, than that it prevents this？Doubtless, however, these considerations will not suffice to convince those who most need convincing; and it is necessary further to show, that these developed human beings are of some use to the undeveloped—to point out to those who do not desire liberty, and would not avail themselves of it, that they may be in some intelligible manner rewarded for allowing other people to make use of it without hindrance.

附：9月16日第五篇社科原文 SPACE CUISINE: Is the moon the world"s new breadbasket?

Full moon at fault for poor sleep

If you were tossing and turning and howling at your pillow last week, you"re not necessarily a lunatic, at least in the strictest sense of the word. The recent full moon might be to blame for your poor sleep.

In the days close to a full moon, people take longer to doze off, sleep less deeply, and sleep for a shorter time, even if the Moon isn"t shining in their window, a new study has found.

"A lot of people are going to say, "Yeah, I knew this already. I never sleep well during a full moon." But this is the first data that really confirms it," says biologist Christian Cajochen of the University of Basel in Switzerland, lead author of the new work.

"There had been numerous studies before, but many were very inconclusive."

Anecdotal evidence has long suggested that people"s sleep patterns, moods, and even aggression is linked to moon cycles.

But past studies of potential lunar effects have been tainted by statistical weaknesses, biases, or inconsistent methods, Cajochen says.

Between 2000 and 2003, he and his colleagues had collected detailed data on the sleep patterns of 33 healthy volunteers for an unrelated study on the effects of aging on sleep.

Using electroencephalograms (EEG) that measure brain activity, they recorded how deep and how long each participant"s nightly sleep was in a controlled, laboratory setting.

Years after the initial experiment, the scientists were drinking in a pub - during a full moon - and came up with the idea of going back to the data to test for correlations with moon cycles.

"What"s nicest about this study is that it uses data that wasn"t originally intended for this purpose, so you know there couldn"t be any bias and that makes it quite convincing," says neuroscientist Kristin Tessmar-Raible of the Max F. Perutz Laboratories in Vienna who was not involved in the new work.

When the researchers investigated how sleep patterns changed during moon cycles, they found a striking association between poor sleep and lunar cycles.

In the few days before and after a full moon, people took an average of five extra minutes to fall asleep, slept 20 minutes less per night, and had 30 per cent less deep sleep, as measured by the EEG.

Moreover, the volunteers recorded poorer sleep on a survey around the full moon, the scientists report online today in Current Biology.

"This paper showed that it"s possible to detect a correlation between the human sleep cycle and lunar phases, which strongly suggests to me that there is some kind of synchronization," Tessmar-Raible says.

"And the question now is what is the mechanism behind this?"

Because the subjects couldn"t see the Moon, increased light levels aren"t producing the effect, at least not entirely. It"s more likely influenced only in a small part by light or other external factors, and maintained through internal hormones, like people"s 24-hour sleep-wake cycles, which persist even in the absence of light or darkness, Cajochen speculates.

"In terms of the lunar cycle, light could be important to synchronize this biological clock with environmental stimuli," Cajochen says.

"But the clock itself then continues on independent of light."

To test that possibility, he says, scientists could set up additional controlled experiments that measure how physiology and brain activity varies over the 29.5-day lunar cycle.

Studies on animals with mating or migration patterns that revolve around lunar cycles could also illuminate the underlying biological drivers as well as the evolutionary benefit of having a moon-synced clock.

Whatever the mechanism, inconsistent sleep around the full moon could be partially responsible for the origin of the word lunatic, which derives from the Latin for "moonstruck".

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